Cold bending refers to the plastic deformation of a metal component, such as a tube or plate, at temperatures significantly below its recrystallization point typically at room temperature. In the tubing industry, this is a critical test of a material's elongation and ductility. During the process, the outer fibers of the bend are subjected to tensile stress, while the inner fibers undergo compression. If the material lacks sufficient ductility, a brittle fracture may occur on the outer radius. Engineers must account for elasticity, which causes "springback," where the metal partially returns to its original shape once the bending force is removed. Successful cold bending requires precise control over grain size to prevent "orange peel" surface defects.